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Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion and Quiz

chemistry new light
You might be relieved that this tutorial has very simple math (just counting). It really only focuses on the shapes of molecules with a central atom and 1 to 6 atoms around it. It could be simple, but the 3-d nature of it makes it difficult because you are only looking at 2-d images. Even though the counting of electrons is simple, it's not always easy to see where they go.
This tutorial also introduces more symbols to add to your repetoire. Like I said, the symbologists in these movies would have trouble keeping up with chemistry symbols.
To explain the title "Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion," let's do a some review. The valence shell is the outer shell of electrons that are involved in bonding. Valence comes from the same word as "Valiant" meaning courageous and strong. In chemistry, it is these outer electrons that give the atom the strength to bond with other atoms. In the image, it is the outer 2 electrons that get involved with bonding. The inner shells are filled and quite stable, so they won't accept or donate any electrons. That makes them unavailable for bonding.
Lewis Dots
An electron pair are those electrons that share the same orbital. Chemistry has a few ways of showing an electron pair. One way is with the two arrows used in electron configuration symbols
↑↓

In the Lewis dot structures on the left, I colored the electron pairs with red. The bonds are also electron pairs, but we are also interested in the one not involved with bonding. They usually call these "lone pairs" or "non-bonding pairs" because they are not being shared with another atom. Notice the 2 lone pairs that's on the water molecule at the bottom. Even though they aren't involved in bonding, they do influence the angles of the bonds because they repel the electrons involved in bonding. So this is where the word "repulsion" comes from in the title. This is why the hydrogen atoms on the water molecule are not opposite of each other. The angle is bent.

geometries
tetrahedron

The whole theory of the lone pairs having repulsion capability came about because the shapes of molecules were not as expected. You know that electrons repel each other and get away as far was possible. Covalent bonds (2 electrons shared) will repel the other bonds. On the left is what we expect when atoms bond with each other. They try to spread themselves out as far as possible. Atom "A" is called the central atom. Atom "B" are the ones attached to the central atom. Since bonds repel, we expect these to be the shapes.

Linear: With B-A-B, we expect this to be a straight line (linear) because the bonds repel and 180° from each other is the farthest.

Planar Triangle: If you have 3 "B" atoms, they will spread out 120° from each other (3x120°=360°). This is called "planar" because "plane" means flat.

Square Planar: If you have 4 "B" atoms, then you might expect them to spread out like a cross. That's true in 2 dimensions, but in 3 dimensions, they can spread out even farther. They can do that by 2 of the "B" atoms going away from you (behind the screen) as shown by the striped triangles. The other 2 "B" atoms will get pushed forward towards you (in front of the screen) as shown by the solid triangles.

Tetrahedron: If you turn this last molecule around and set it on 3 of the "B" atoms, the "A" will sit above those 3 and the fourth "B" atom will be above the "A" atom. The bonds are shown in red. If you connect the 4 "B" atoms, you draw what is called a tetrahedron (blue lines), which means four-sided (four-faced) geometric shape.

VSEPR geometries

The above geometries are expected with molecules that have 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms attached to a central atom. Some molecules do have these expected shapes, but some did not. For example some molecules with 1 central atom "A" and 2 "B" atoms, were bent. Something invisible was causing that. Chemists want to know why?

Another example was the occurence where 3 "B" atoms didn't lay flat with 120° separation. They were pushed down away from "A" forming a pyramid with the "B" atoms forming a triangular base (This shape is called a trigonal pyramid). "Trigonal" is pronounced like "Trig" which rhymes with "trigger" (Trig uh nul).

The theory is a non-bonding pair of electrons on the "A" atom is causing a repulsion of the bonds between A and B pushing the B atoms downward.

PF3orbital
This illustration is phosphorus trifluoride (PF3). It shows the 2 dots that represent the one lone pair of electrons. It also shows that they occupy an orbital like the other 3 electrons that are bonding with the 3 fluorine atoms. The influence of the loan pair is that they repel the electrons in the bond between the phosphorus and fluorine atoms. That pushes them downward a little. So this forms a trigonal pyramid shaped like above.
PF3

Brace yourself for some more symbols. At least you recognize the 2 dots that represent the loan pair of electrons. The "δ" symbol is the lower case of the Greek letter delta. The upper case delta is Δ. That usually means change. "δ" means "partial change". "δ+" means a partial positive charge and δ- means, of course, a partial negative charge. This symbol means a separation of + and - charge. The left end that looks like a + sign is placed near the more positive end. The arrow → end is the negative end. In the picture the + end is the phosphorus atom. The - end is the fluorine atom. The reason for that is fluorine has a much greater pull on electrons than phosphorus, so the electrons are pulled towards the fluorine atoms. By the way, this degree of attraction to electrons is called electronegatively. Each fluorine-phosphorus bond should show the dipolesymbol. What this finally means is that this molecule is polar, meaning the phosphorus end is more positive and the end with the fluorine atoms are more negative. Being polar, tells us what kind of solvents this compound might dissolve in.

As mentioned earlier, the solid triangle means the bond sticks out towards you. The striped triangle means that bond goes back behind the screen. Those are symbols to help show you 3d with a 2d image. Note: sometimes the triangle is not solid, but means the same thing.

Lewis Dot PF3
On the left are phosphorus and fluorine atoms. This is a combination of Lewis dot structure and my hole-punch structure. The empty circles are my addition of showing the vacancies available for receiving an electron from the other atom. Phosphorus has 3 vacancies and fluorine has one. So that directs sharing so that 3 fluorine atoms will share one electron each and accept one electron each. By sharing, they all have an octet, which is a stable configuration for all of them. Again, the lone pair on the top of P will repel the shared electrons between P and F and change the shape of the final molecule. That's what we call Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion or VSEPR for short. "VSEPR" is spoken as "Vesper".
VSEPR SCl2

This is the process. They give you a formula and say, "What is the shape of SCl2 (sulfur dichloride)? "
1) Draw the elements with dots that match the number of outer electrons. Consult the Periodic Table and see what group (column) it belongs to, or go to Wikipedia and look up the element and find its electron configuration. Sulfur is in group 16 so subtract 10 for the 10 transitional metals and you get 6. Also, its electron configuration is given as ([Ne]3s23p4). The 2 & 4 show it has 6 outer electrons. That's why there are 6 dots around sulfur. It is 2 short of having a stable octet, so I put 2 empty dots. Chlorine is in group 17 (17-10=7), so it has 7 outer electrons. It is one short of having 8.

2) Combine the elements so that you get 8 around each.

3) The bonding electrons can be replaced with a line. Leave the lone pairs showing on the central atom. The non-bonding (lone pair) electrons on other atoms can be erased.

4) Think about the repulsion that the lone pair electrons will do on the bonds. If this was 2 dimensional, then the chlorine atoms would stay on opposite sides. However, in 3 dimensions, they get pushed towards the front and back.

5) The chlorine atoms will be pushed away from the screen and closer to you. The loan pair electrons will get pushed back behind the screen (The reverse is true also).

6) If you rotate the molecule so the chlorine atoms were flat with the screen, you could see that the bonds to the chlorine atoms are bent. So sulfur dichloride is a bent molecule.

As you can see this is a rather tedious process. If you make it to step 4, there are tables that tell you what shape the molecule will be. Below is such a table.

The below table shows the 15 shapes that molecules with one central atom and one to six surrounding atoms can have. The images show the central atom as "E" and the surrounding atoms as "X" instead of "A" and "B" as I used above.
 
A
B
C
D
E
F
1
Electron groups=bonds to the surrounding atoms + any lone pairs
0 lone pair
1 lone pair
2 lone pairs
3 lone pairs
4 lone pairs
2
(2)
The example shows 2 surrounding atoms and no lone pairs
Linear

3
(3)
The examples show 3 surrounding atoms with no lone pair and then 2 surrounding atoms with one lone pair, which adds up to 3. The lone pair is like an invisible atom repeling the other bonds, so the molecule is bent.
Trigonal Planar
Bent
4
(4)
The examples show 4 surrounding atoms with no lone pair, 3 surrounding atoms with one lone pair, and 2 "X" atoms with 2 lone pairs. The shape of the molecule comes from looking at just the atoms, not the lone pairs.
Tetrahedral

Trigonal Pyramid
Bent

5
(5)
Here are combinations of "X" atoms and lone pairs that add up to 5. Look at the T-Shape. The "T" is turned sideways. Again, don't look at the lone pairs when naming the shape. The Trigonal Bipyramid uses the middle 3 "X" atoms as the 3-sided base. The top "X" is the peak of 1 pyramid. The bottom "X" is the peak of an inverted pyramid.
Trigonal Bipyramid
Sawhorse/SeeSaw
T-Shape
Linear
6
(6)
Here are combinations of "X" atoms and lone pairs that add up to 6. The octehedral has 8 faces. It really is 2 opposing pyramids with a 4-sided base (square base). The Square Pyramid is similar but you don't consider the loan pair when you decide the shape.
Octehedral
Square Pyramid
Square Planar
T-shape
Linear
KrF2
<Side view <Top view

Here is an example. We have the Lewis dot structure of KrF2 (krypton difluoride). Normally, atoms only want 8 electrons in their outer shell because of the limitation of 8 electrons in the s and p orbitals. However, the d orbitals sometimes gets used. So krypton can have 10 electrons in its outer shell (valence shell) by using d orbitals.

In the second image, the pair of bonding electrons are replaced with a line for the bond.

In the third image we can erase the non-bonding electrons around fluorines and just concentrate on the 2 bonds and the 3 lone pairs on the central Kr atom. That adds up to 5 electron groups. Using the table above, we find that cell E5 is the shape for 5 electron groups that have 3 lone pairs plus 2 surrounding atoms. The 3 lone pairs push on the fluorine bonds evenly, so the F-Kr-F molecule is straight (linear). The top view shows the 3 lone pairs forming a triangle. The Kr and F atoms are stacked in the center.

phosphate ion

Problem 1: To the left is the polyatomic phosphite ion. We want to know its shape. The upper left image shows the Lewis structure with the oxygen electrons (green), the phosphorus electrons (red) and the 3 extra electrons (white with - sign). In the upper right image, the bonding pairs of electrons are replaced with lines. The bracket shows the whole ion has a -3 charge.

The lower left image, simplifies it to black and white. The final image gets rid of the non-bonding electrons on the surrounding oxygen atoms. It lets us focus on the 3 bonds and the one lone pair of electrons on P (That's 4 electron groups). The blue arrows is to make us think of the repulsion between the bonds and the lone pair. Problem 1: Using the table above, what shape is this molecule?

Problem 2: The upper image on the left is the Lewis structure for carbon disulfide. The bottom image simplifies the structure. When you use VSEPR to determine the shape, you treat the double bonds the same a single bonds. I also erased the non-bonding pairs (lone pairs) on the sulfur atoms. Our central atom (carbon) has no lone pairs but it connected to 2 atoms (sulfur). Problem 2: Using the table above, what is its shape?
SO4

Problem 3: The left image is the Lewis structure for the sulfate ion (SO4)2-. I like to use color dots to keep track of whose electrons are whose. Both sulfur and oxygen have 6 outer electrons. The black electrons are the extra 2 from somewhere else. That gives the ion the -2 charge. The right image turns the dots into bonds. I sometimes like to use a color gradient to still show where the electrons come from.

The bottom image is the simplified bonds that you use for considering the shape. Notice the double bonds are treated the same as single bonds. It shows the sulfate ion has 4 bonds to surrounding atoms (oxygen) and no lone pairs. So that's 4 electron groups. Problem 3: Using the table, what is its shape?

PCl6
Problem 4: At the top are the Lewis structures for phosphorus and chlorine. We want to know the shape of the PCl5 molecule. The left image shows the Lewis structure of the molecule. Notice the 5 pink electrons that belong to phosphorus. All of the chlorine atoms have an octet. The P atom in the center has 10 electrons. The right image changed the pairs of electrons into bonds using lines. For figuring the shape you can ignore all of the electrons around the chlorine atoms. You have phosphorus with no lone pair electrons, but it has 5 Cl atoms bonded to it. Problem 4: Using the table above, what is its shape?
IF3

Problem 5: The upper left image is the Lewis dot structure of IF3. Both fluorine and iodine have 7 valence electrons. You can see that the fluorine atoms have octets but the iodine atom has 10 electrons. The upper right image turned the pairs of bonding electrons into lines.

The bottom image has simplified the structure to show just the bonds and the 2 lone pairs on the central atom (iodine). Problem 5: Using the table above, what is this molecule's shape?

I3

Problem 6: This is I3-. The left image is the Lewis dot structure. This time the central atom is the same element as the surrounding atoms. Iodine has 7 valence electrons because it's in group 17 (17-10=7). The outer iodine atoms have an octet. The middle iodine has 7 of its own electrons, plus 2 shared by the other iodine atoms, plus the one extra electron from somewhere else. The right image turns the bonding pairs into bond lines. The bottom image simplified it for examining the number of bonds plus the number of lone pairs. Using the table above, what is the shape of I3-?


Thanks for doing the quiz. Send you answers to chm151@chemistryland.com with subject heading of VSEPR.
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Since Nov. 24, 2009
Updated 12/11/09